Ifrs a Review of the Literature - 1887 Words

Running head: IFRS IFRS: A Review of the Literature Intermediate Accounting III (10089) Abstract Due to the global integration of business and finance throughout the world, approximately 113 countries have adopted or are working on convergence with IFRS. This paper is a look at the history and an examination of where IFRS stands internationally and with the United States. For several decades the industrialized world has been working toward an international set of accounting standards. Since IFRS has become the de facto international accounting language, it is logical that it will be accepted as that standard in the near future. IFRS: A Review of the Literature Over the past 35 years financial regulators worldwide have†¦show more content†¦Adoption (whether of process or of content) means that IFRS are used instead of domestic financial reporting rules. This might apply in certain countries for all companies or for some companies. It might apply compulsorily by law or de facto. In contrast to adoption, convergence with IFRS is a process, whereby domestic standards and IFRS are gradually brought into line. That is, part of the convergence could be achieved by change to IFRS. Indeed, various different countries might be able to contribute good answers to technical problems. However, extensive multilateral convergence is problematic, because converging with one country could mean diverging from another. (pp. 281-82) The following countries are at some stage of convergence or adoption: Asia China has not required or permitted IFRS; however, they have somewhat converged with IFRS. Although several differences remain between Chinese Accounting Standards and IFRS, there are plans in the future to eliminate the differences. Japan also does not permit or require IFRS, but new rules are expected to be issued that will allow IFRS for the year ending March 31, 2010. In Korea, IFRS is permitted with the exception of financial intuitions and adoption of IFRS is required for all companies listed on their local stock exchanges. India does not require orShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Gaap And Ifrs On Accounting Programs923 Words   |  4 PagesTopic: The effects of GAAP and IFRS Convergence on accounting programs The first article reviewed was A progress report: IFRS-U.S. GAAP Convergence and it Curriculum Impact. The key aspect of this abstract is the impact in higher education. The difficulties in training for teaching IFRS and the benefits gained. The introduction describes how more countries have adapted the IFRS guidelines and it estimates that the United States may do so in the next decade. Because IFRS is becoming widely acceptedRead MoreLiterature Review - Concept Map716 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction This paper will discuss the literature review section of Adena LeJeune’s 2010 dissertation titled â€Å"Examination of Louisiana Certified Public Accountants Perceived Educational Needs Related to International Financial Reporting Standards† (IFRS). Beginning with the author’s strategy, the learner identifies the theoretical framework and research methodology followed by an explanation of the work’s organizational layout. The next sections explore the levels of analysis used and theRead MoreRelated Studies Of Revenue Recognition And Ratio Analysis Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 2: Literature Review The Literature review of this study will emphasis on the related studies of revenue recognition and ratio analysis. Case1: The Leading Change of Financial Changed Of Revenue Recognition by Business Enterprises under FASB vs. IASB By Prof. Edel Lemus Carlos Albizu University, United States Financial Change in Revenue Recognition In 2010 the Financial Accounting Standard (FASB) and the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) began a joint project effort towardsRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics And Systematic Ethics985 Words   |  4 PagesInternational Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and U.S. Standards (p.477). More in depth the research focuses on the code of ethics and moral duties of company top management. Introduction. The authors study the financial scandals and the recent financial crisis to demonstrate the gap between market processes and accounting standards. The IFRS and U.S. GAAP differ in contrary nature of accounting standards. GAAP is considered as rule-based standards, while IFRS viewed as a principle-based. ThereforeRead MoreThe Requirements Of Ifrs 8 Operating Segments1132 Words   |  5 PagesSegmental Information Introduction In general, IFRS 8 Operating Segments place a requirement on specific classes of entities (particularly those entities that have publicly traded securities) to disclose information concerning their respective operating segments, products and services, the geographical areas in which they compete as well as their major customers (IFRS 8 Operating Segments, 2014). The information that is provided by corporations pursuant to these requirements is based on internalRead MoreGaap Vs. Ifrs Standards1366 Words   |  6 PagesGAAP vs. IFRS Standards GAAP generally accepted accounting principle The Financial Accounting Standard Board issues GAAP, which focus on the practices of US companies. GAAP is known as the common set of rules, standards and procedures for accounting used in financial reporting. â€Å"GAAP is the combination of authoritative standards (set by policy boards) and the commonly accepted ways of recording and reporting accounting information† (Investopedia.com, 2003). Companies follow GAAP rules to clarifyRead MoreSegment Reporting And Information Disclosure1380 Words   |  6 Pagessegment reporting is worthwhile and whether the requirements of the new segment-reporting standard (IFRS 8) have had an impact on the way companies disclose segment information. Significance of Segment Reporting Segment reporting is integral to the process of investment analysis and there is a common agreement among financial analysts that such information is essential to their work. Previous literature has found that segment information disclosure can increase security valuation and can make futureRead MoreFinancial Accounting : An Intangible Asset1169 Words   |  5 Pageswill focus on the accounting treatment of internally generated intangible assets prior to and after the adoption of IFRS. IFRS are a set of International accounting standards issued by the International accounting standard board stating how particular set of transactions should be shown in the financial statements The accounting treatment for intangible assets prior to adoption of IFRS were that any intangible asset meeting the three main characteristics of an intangible asset can be recognised asRead MoreInternational Financial Reporting Standards ( Ifrs ) Conceptual Framework968 Words   |  4 PagesInternational Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) conceptual framework in general. The report also directs attention towards Australia’s step towards harmonization of the accounting standards and as well as on international financial reporting system. However, the prime focus of the report is on the adoption, implementation and the impact of IFRS framework in a developing country, Bangladesh. The very report advocates that the adoption and implementation of IFRS framework has both positive and negativeRead MoreAgriultural inventory Essay examples761 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferences between inventory accounting between IFRS and US GAAP. Facts: Tarheel Farm, Inc. (TFI) is a corporation involved in agricultural production and has a June 30 financial year-end. It is not publicly traded, but is required to prepare annual financial statements for its bank. Historically, the bank has required that these statements comply with US GAAP rules. Recently, TFI was purchased by OSI China, a Chinese corporation that uses IFRS to prepare its financial statements. TFI typically

Why Immigration Is a Controversial Issue in Uk Free Essays

â€Å"It was once believed that when you were born, you were a blank state and could be taught to learn different things in a variety of way† (Gardner, H. Personal Learning Solution 2012) In this essay I will be talking about the importance of study skills for higher education. I will be identifying the different skills that are used both personal and professional and also providing some evidence towards my findings. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Immigration Is a Controversial Issue in Uk or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main skills I will be touching on will be people skills, reflective and creative skills, writing skills and also time management. I will be exploring how these skills have an importance in the higher education and viewing their similarity and differences between them. Study skills are the strategies and the different approaches used in learning to develop better understanding and knowledge for a life time. It is an essential piece of material that is needed for better grades in an exam, assignment etc and tackles problems such as bad organization, time management or writing skills which are useful for a life time. There are many different study skills that can be used in higher education in order to gain a successful qualification for a successful job application. It is important indentify your own personal learning style and develop on all the important study skills that helps with your learning. The reason for this is because it helps you remember and learn more and new information. It also allows you to do well in your essays/assignments and exams you are undertaking. Once your learning style has been identified and used, it will provide you with the opportunity to move up a level. There are different styles such as: The Diver: like to get on with it and get it out of the way The Dreamer: like to think a lot and research thoroughly The Logician: like things to make sense and reasons The Searchlight: like to see the bigger picture and find everything interesting (Cottrell, S. 2008. Third Edition. Pg59-60) The Dearing Report (1997) states that â€Å"the key to future success of graduates†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ommunication skills, numeracy, use of ICT, learning how to learn† (heacademy. ac. uk) This report gives a clear understanding of the main skills need for a successful future. On the other hands in the theory of Gardner’s, H (1983), he believes that everyone should be able to find 8 different areas to help with their learning, which may identify what they prefer (Gardner, H. Personal Learning Solution 2012). The first skill I will t alk about is People Skills. This skill has a combination of inter-personal skill, which means the ability to work well with others in a team/group, and also intra-personal skills, which means the ability to manage your own attitudes and emotions within the environment (Cottrell, S. 2003. Pg 115). A people skill involves being able to communicate well with others and adapting to others within the team and interacting well amongst others. This skill can be turned into academic skills by making connections with groups in class, listening well to others allowing everyone to talk, being assertive without demonstrating any form of anger etc. This is one important skill that is needed for higher education which can be developed further for a successful job in the future. My second skill I will talk about is reflective and creative skills. This is a thinking process that can put you in deep thoughts aiming to gain a better understanding. It allows you to make sense of what your putting together, go over what you have, make any judgements and changes needed and also weighing up what you have to get better balance which includes taking different things into account. In the book of The Science Good Study Guide, it states that â€Å"it is important that you take a systematic, analytical, strategic, and reflective approach to managing yourself and your studies† (Northedge, A et al, 1997, pg 16). Creativity plays a big role in study skill because; you need to identify what strategies are suitable for you in learning. With this you can be as creative as you can to help you in the process. The third skill is writing skills. This skill can also be combined with organisation as you will need to learn how to organise your essays and assignments e. . introduction, main body and conclusion/evaluation. Writing is another form of communication. In higher education, when writing an essay/assignment, you are communicating what you know and understand of what you have learnt in class. This is why writing skills is very important so you know what you’re writing is clear for the reader. However as Cottrell (2008) stated that writing a good assignmen t is a hard and challenging process but is a very rewarding aspect of your studying. Your writing skill is something that can always be developed as you grow (The Study Skills Handbook. 2008. Pg167) The last skill I will talk about is time management. This is one of the most essential skill needed, not only for higher education but also for every other thing in life e. g. job, appointments, lectures, meetings etc. you need to know how long it requires for you to do something. Time is special because you cannot change time. I believe everyone has the same exact time on their hands; it depends on how it’s being used by the individual. Most students like myself will complain and say there is not enough time for their work, however what I have come to learn is that if time is managed widely it helps a lot with what you need to do or what you desire to do. In higher education, when time is managed well, it helps set your priorities straight, become more conscious with your decisions and also learn how to become more productive each day. In conclusion, I have come to read and understand how important study skills are in higher education. The first thing is to identify what type of learner you are and focus on the most important study skills. I have come across some understanding that if you lack in your study skills, there is a low chance of gaining good grades meaning less chance of a successful job application. As stated in the Dearing report (1997) the four main skills needed for success in the future and also Howard Gardner’s theory explaining how creative you should be in different ways of learning such as finding 8 different areas to learn that may help with your learning. I believe that we learn something new every day giving us the opportunity to move up a level of intelligence. How to cite Why Immigration Is a Controversial Issue in Uk, Essay examples

Supply Equilibrium Conditions

Questions: 1. Explain using a diagram what would happen in the market for car tires if at the same time there was an increase in the prices of rubber used in the production of tires and a decrease in the price for cars. Explain the effects on price and quantity. 2. In a perfectly competitive market for apples explain would happen in the shortrun to the market and to individual producers if the price for pears went up. Demonstrate your answer using a diagram. With reference to the same diagram show what would happen to the market and individual producers in the long-run. Answers: 1. If at the same time there is an increase in the prices of rubber and decrease in the prices of car, then supply of cars will decrease due to increase in production cost and demand of cars will increase due to fall in the price. It will make the demand curve shift to the right and supply curve shift to the left. The ultimate effect on equilibrium output and price depends on the rate at which the changes take place. If demand shifts more than the supply, then at new equilibrium, price and quantity both increases. If supply shifts more than the demand, then at new equilibrium, price increases, quantity demand decreases. If both the curve shifts at the same rate then only price increases and quantity demanded and supplied remains unchanged (Salter and Luther 2016). Figure 1: Demand Supply Equilibrium conditions Source: Author In figure 1, the first situation of the change is shown, i.e. shift in demand is greater than the shift in supply that leads to the increase in price and decrease in quantity demanded and supplied at the new equilibrium point B (Salter and Luther 2016). 2. In a perfect competitive market for apples, if the price of pears increases, then people will shift their demand to apples and the demand for apples will increase at the given market situation. It will create excess demand and will lead to increase in the price. Firm will earn supernormal profit due to rise in price in short run (Salter and Luther 2016). Figure 2: Short run equilibrium of Perfect Competition Market Source: Author Figure 1 shows the original equilibrium price and output at P1 and Q1 for the industry and q1 output for the firm. When the demand for apple increases, market equilibrium has shifted to P2 and Q2 and firms equilibrium shifts to q2 where it earns supernormal profit in short run, shown by the shade area in the graph (Salter and Luther 2016). In the long-run, the excess profit of the firm vanishes and firm again earns normal profit where total revenue is equal to total cost. Due to excess profit in the short run, new firms enter the market, industry supply increase and price falls, till the excess profit get exhausted. Hence, in the long run, market equilibrium comes back to P1 and Q1 (Case 2014). References Argy, V., 2013. International macroeconomics: theory and policy. Routledge. Burda, M. and Wyplosz, C., 2012. Macroeconomics: a European text. Oxford university press. Case, K.E., Fair, R.C. and Oster, S., 2014. Principles of Microeconomics. Pearson Higher Ed. Frydman, R. and Phelps, E.S., 2013. Rethinking expectations: The way forward for macroeconomics. Princeton University Press. Mankiw, N.G.R.E.G.O.R.Y., 2014. Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Salter, A.W. and Luther, W.J., 2016. The Optimal Austrian Business Cycle Theory. In Studies in Austrian Macroeconomics (pp. 45-60). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Wwii Atomic Bombs Essay Example For Students

Wwii Atomic Bombs Essay WWII Atomic BombsWhen the atomic bomb went off over Hiroshima on Aug. 6th, 1945, 70,000 lives were ended in a flash. To theAmerican people who were weary from the long and brutal war, such a drastic measure seemed a necessary,even righteous way to end the madness that was World War II. However, the madness had just begun. ThatAugust morning was the day that heralded the dawn of the nuclear age, and with it came more than just the lossof lives. According to Archibald MacLeish, a U.S. poet, What happened at Hiroshima was not only that ascientific breakthrough . . . had occurred and that a great part of the population of a city had been burned todeath, but that the problem of the relation of the triumphs of modern science to the human purposes of man hadbeen explicitly defined. We will write a custom essay on Wwii Atomic Bombs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The entire globe was now to live with the fear of total annihilation, the fear that drove thecold war, the fear that has forever changed world politics. The fear is real, more real today than ever, for theease at which a nuclear bomb is achieved in this day and age sparks fear in the hearts of most people on thisplanet. According to General Douglas MacArthur, We have had our last chance. If we do not devise somegreater and more equitable system, Armageddon will be at our door. The decision to drop the atomic bomb onJapanese citizens in August, 1945, as a means to bring the long Pacific war to an end was justified-militarily,politically and morally. The goal of waging war is victory with minimum losses on ones own side and, if possible, on the enemys side.No one disputes the fact that the Japanese military was prepared to fight to the last man to defend the homeislands, and indeed had already demonstrated this determination in previous Pacific island campaigns. Aweapon originally developed to contain a Nazi atomic project was available that would spare Americanshundreds of thousands of causalities in an invasion of Japan, and-not incidentally-save several times more thanthat among Japanese soldiers and civilians. The thousands who have died in the atomic attacks on Hiroshimaand Nagasaki were far less than would have died in an allied invasion, and their sudden deaths convinced theJapanese military to surrender. Every nation has an interest in being at peace with other nations, but there has never been a time when theworld was free of the scourge of war. Hence, peaceful nations must always have adequate military force at theirdisposal in order to deter or defeat the aggressive designs of rogue nations. The United States was thereforeright in using whatever means were necessary to defeat the Japanese empire in the war which the latter began,including the use of superior or more powerful weaponry-not only to defeat Japan but to remain able followingthe war to maintain peace sufficiently to guarantee its own existence. A long, costly and bloody conflict is awasteful use of a nations resources when quicker, more decisive means are available. Japan was not then-orlater-the only nation America had to restrain, and an all-out U.S. invasion of Japan would have risked the victoryalready gained in Europe in the face of the palpable thereat of Soviet domination. Finally, we can never forget the maxim of Edmund Burke: The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is thatgood men do nothing. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought us into a war which we had vainly hopedto avoid. We could no longer do nothing but were compelled to do something to roll back the Japanesemilitarists. Victims of aggression have every right both to end the aggression and to prevent the perpetrator of itfrom continuing or renewing it. .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843 , .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843 .postImageUrl , .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843 , .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843:hover , .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843:visited , .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843:active { border:0!important; } .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843:active , .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843 .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua095e240cfbc036e6b86a9a7ddb0d843:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chinese Pottery Essay Our natural right of self defense as well as our moral duty to defeat tyrannyjustified our decision to wage the war and, ultimately, to drop the atomic bomb. We should expect politicalleaders to be guided by moral principles but this does not mean they must subject millions of people toneedless injury or death out of a misplaced concern for the safety of enemy soldiers or civilians. President Trumans decision to deploy atomic power in Japan revealed a man who understood the moral issuesat stake and who had the courage to strike a decisive blow that quickly brought to an end the most destructivewar in human history. Squeamishness is not a moral princip le, but making the best decisions at the time, giventhe circumstances, is clear evidence that the decision maker is guided by morality. The atomic bomb was considered a quick and even economical way to win the war; however, it was a crueland unusual form of punishment for the Japanese citizens. The weapon that we refer to as quick was just theopposite. On one hand, it meant a quick end to the war for the United States, and on the other hand, a slow andpainful death to many innocent Japanese. According to a book called Hiroshima Plus 20 the effects of radiationpoisoning are horrific, ranging from purple spots on the skin, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, bleeding from themouth, gums, and throat, weakened immune systems, to massive internal hemorrhaging, not to mention thedisfiguring radiation burns. The effects of the radiation poisoning continued to show up until about a month afterthe bombing. In fact the bomb also killed or permanently damaged fetuses in the womb. Death and destructionare always a reality of war; however, a quick death is always more humanitarian. When this powerful nation called the United States dropped the bomb, we sent out the official go ahead for therest of the world that nuclear weapons were a viable means of warfare. We unofficially announced that it wasO.K. to bomb women, children, and elderly citizens. The thought that atomic weapons are needed to keep thepeace is exactly the idea that fueled the cold war. Albert Einstein said in a speech, The armament racebetween the U.S.A. and U. S.S.R., originally supposed to be a preventative measure, assumes hystericalcharacter. On both sides, the means of mass-destruction are perfected with feverish haste . . . The H-bombappears on the public horizon as a probably attainable goal. Its accelerated development has been solemnlyproclaimed by the president. In short, according to Hiroshima Plus 20, by now, the military has at least 50, 000 nuclear warheads in storageand ready with a handful of people in charge of them. In the words of James Conant, President of Harvard, Theextreme dangers to mankind inherent in the proposal wholly outweigh any military advantage. Has the atomic bomb introduced the fear of total annihilation . ..that has forever changed world politics? Thatseems to be the main point of the argument against dropping the atomic bomb on Japanese cities in August,1945. Yet this judgment completely abstracts from the concrete circumstances in which the decision wasmade-a world exhausted by war; an implacable, cunning and ruthless enemy; hundreds of thousands ofcasualties in an allied invasion of Japan; permanent strategic considerations; and the like. In other words, thereply fails to meet the argument for dropping the bomb and changes the subject from the immediate decision tothe long-term consequences of the decision. But even if one grants the point about fear of annihilation, it is not clear that the world has fundamentally changednor that the whole world is always in danger of nations from time immemorial. For example, ancient Romesacked Carthage, plowed it under and salted the earth. Medieval and modern religious wars have annihilatedmillions. .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2 , .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2 .postImageUrl , .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2 , .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2:hover , .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2:visited , .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2:active { border:0!important; } .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2:active , .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2 .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u654fd088e0ccfdbec24186ecf82a32e2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jubilee Year Essay More recently, there was Hitlers genocidal six-million-death final solution to the Jewish problem, andthe Communists ten of millions of mass murders continue to this day. All this has been done without benefit ofnuclear power. Gen. MacArthurs comments came at the beginning of the atomic or nuclear age, and while the source and thejudgment deserve respect, experience has shown that nuclear power in Western hands deterred a third worldwar and ultimately caused the collapse of the greatest threat to world peace since World War II, namely, theSoviet Union. But even during the much-decried arms race of the Cold War years, both East and West refinedtheir crude nuclear technology to suit the requirements of waging war, e.g. targeting the enemys missiles,aircraft and submarines, rather than putting all their eggs in the nuclear annihilation basket. War is a terriblething but the fear of annihilation will curb even the greatest tyrants bloodlust. In short, fear is part of the human condition and those peaceful nations which learn to live with the destructivepotential of nuclear power are capable of great good. Great evil is more likely to be the result of uncheckednuclear power in hands of lawless nations. As ever, peace and safety depend upon military power being in theright hands. English Essays

Legislation passed to address computer crimes essays

Legislation passed to address computer crimes essays Over the past month you could not pick up a newspaper without finding an article about the recent Denial of Service (DOS) attacks on E-commerce sites over the Internet. This increase in Internet security problems and crimes, is paving the way for tougher legislation in regards to monitoring and tracking computer hackers. We the people should ask ourselves how far we should allow the federal government to go to catch online criminals. Legislation passed to address computer crimes should be carefully written as not to give government agencies powers that would infringe on innocent computer users rights. The need for computer-related laws is undeniably necessary. Computer crimes are estimated to cost businesses billions of dollars each year throughout the United States. An accurate dollar amount cannot be compiled for losses programming companies sustain due to piracy of their software. Potential income is lost when copies of their programs are found easily via the Internet. Pirated software is distributed freely among underground Internet groups via email, File Transfer Protocols (FTP's), newsgroups and various other means. Individuals post copies of software that was either stolen from its company's producers, or that was paid for originally for a one-user license. These copies of software posted in one or more of the above-mentioned ways, allow a single copy to be downloaded by nearly any number of people out of the million that have Internet access today. Hacking does not play a role in software theft until there is a need for the code (better known as programming) of th e software to be reverse engineered. Software companies instill certain protections to prevent their software from being freely distributed in the above manner. Hackers remove these protections or "reverse" what has been written into the software to allow this software to be used by anyone possessing a copy. Piracy is just one of many reasons federal le...

Lonesome George Was the Last Pinta Island Tortoise

Lonesome George Was the Last Pinta Island Tortoise The last known member of the Pinta Island tortoise subspecies (Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii) died on June 24, 2012. Known as Lonesome George by his keepers  at the Charles Darwin Research Station on the Galpagos Island of Santa Cruz, this giant tortoise was estimated to be 100 years old. Weighing 200 pounds and measuring 5 feet in length, George was a healthy representative of his kind, but repeated attempts to breed him with biologically similar female tortoises proved unsuccessful. Scientists at the research station plan to save tissue samples and DNA from Georges body in hopes of reproducing his genetic material in the future. For now, though, Lonesome George will be preserved via taxidermy to be displayed at the Galpagos National Park. The now-extinct Pinta Island tortoise resembled  other members of the Galapagos giant tortoise species (Chelonoidis nigra), which is the largest living species of tortoise and one of the heaviest living reptiles in the world.   Characteristics of the Pinta Island Tortoise Appearance:  Like others of its subspecies, the Pinta Island tortoise has a dark brownish-gray saddleback-shaped shell with  large, bony plates on its upper portion and thick, stumpy limbs covered in scaly skin. The Pinta Island has a long neck and toothless mouth shaped much like a beak, suitable for its vegetarian diet. Size:  Individuals of this  subspecies were known to reach 400 pounds, 6 feet in length, and 5 feet in height (with necks fully extended).   Habitat:  Like other saddleback tortoises, the Pinta Island subspecies primarily inhabited arid lowlands but likely made seasonal migrations to more moist areas at higher elevations. Its primary habitat though would be that of the Ecuadorian Pinta Island from which it gets its name.   Diet:  The Pinta Island tortoises diet consisted of vegetation, including grasses, leaves, cacti, lichens, and berries. It could go for long periods without drinking water (up to 18 months) and is thought to have stored water in its bladder and pericardium. Reproduction:  Galpagos giant tortoises reach sexual maturity between 20 and 25 years of age. During the height of mating season between February and June of each year, females travel to sandy coastlines where they dig nest holes for their eggs (saddlebacks like Pinta tortoises typically dig 4 to 5 nests a year with an average of 6 eggs each). The females retain sperm from a single copulation to fertilize all of her eggs. Depending upon temperature, incubation can span anywhere from 3 to 8 months. Like other reptiles (notably crocodiles), nest temperatures determine the sex of hatchlings (warmer nests result in more females). Hatching and emergency occur between December and April. Lifespan/;  Like other subspecies of  Galpagos giant tortoises, the Pinta Island tortoise can live up to 150 years in the wild. The oldest known tortoise was Harriet, who was approximately 175 years old when she died at an Australia Zoo in 2006. Geographic Range/;  The Pinta Island tortoise was indigenous to Ecuadors Pinta Island. All subspecies of the Galpagos giant tortoise are found only in the Galpagos Archipelago. According to a study released by Cell Press entitled Lonesome George is not alone among Galapagos tortoises, there may still be a Pinta Island turtle living among a similar subspecies on the neighboring island of Isabela.   Causes of Population Decline and Extinction of Pinta Island Tortoises   During the 19th century, whalers  and fishermen killed Pinta Island tortoises for food, driving the subspecies to the brink of extinction by the mid-1900s. After exhausting the tortoise population, seasonal seafarers introduced goats to Pinta in 1959 to ensure they would have a food source upon landing. The goat population grew to more than 40,000 during the 1960s and 1970s, decimating the islands vegetation, which was the remaining tortoises food. Pinta tortoises were originally considered extinct during this time until visitors spotted Lonesome George in 1971. George was taken into captivity the following year. Following his death in 2012, the Pinta Island tortoise is now considered to be extinct (other subspecies of Galpagos tortoise are listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN). Conservation Efforts Starting in the 1970s, varied techniques were employed to eradicate Pinta Islands goat population in order to discover the most effective method for later use on larger Galpagos islands. After almost 30 years of only moderately successful extermination attempts, an intensive program of radio-collaring and aerial hunting aided by GPS and GIS technology resulted in complete eradication of goats from Pinta. Monitoring projects have since shown that Pintas native vegetation has recovered in the absence of goats, but the vegetation requires grazing to keep the ecosystem properly balanced, so the Galpagos Conservancy launched Project Pinta, a multi-phase effort to introduce tortoises from other islands to Pinta. How You Can Help Other Giant Tortoises   Donate to the Lonesome George Memorial Fund, established by the Galpagos Conservancy to fund large-scale tortoise restoration programs in Galpagos over the next 10 years. There are also a variety of  resources for  volunteering to help endangered species  available online.

Knowledge and Its Affect on the Society and Its Spontaneous Essay

Knowledge and Its Affect on the Society and Its Spontaneous - Essay Example To answer this Althusser (1978) coined the term â€Å"Ideological State Apparatuses† and â€Å"Repressive State Apparatuses†, gives that necessary epistemological break, more analytically than Gramsci (1971), in his theory of social â€Å"hegemony†. In contrast to Bourdieu's concept of habitus, the Ideological State Apparatuses consist of social institutions like school, university etc that help spread a particular discourse of thought-process and archetypal pattern of understanding in a particular way (like Christian concept of good and evil). The Repressive State Apparatus are agents of repression, like the Police, that teach by force and thus maintain the necessary consensus. While the institutions teach through the medium of language that is itself coloured with discursive power to subjugate a subject in the given hegemony almost without any conflict or force. Lacan (1968) explains this linguistic paradox in his theory of language where he says that the stage when s subject enters the realm of the â€Å"symbolic† sphere, the self/consciousness becomes a complex site where one loses the capability to express beyond that given medium of language, which is finite and a complex site of power play. Language is not neutral, but an agent of defining this ideological and hegemonic base. Quite pessimistically, the answer has been given as no. Since the state is a billion-eyed monster keeping a watch on its subject (imagine Orwell’s 1984), the state apparatuses reach out adventitiously even to the furthest grass-root level and teach by force or by apparently ‘neutral’ force to form subjects who cannot escape this ‘interpellation’ (Althusser).

Computer Networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Computer Networking - Essay Example Sometimes attackers with the help of unauthorised access give huge amount of damages to IT companies. Because with the help of attack on their WLAN they get all the important information and data. Radio signal interference is used to remove that signals which can interrupt original signals from wireless devices but these radio IP interface can effect the connectivity of original signals, poor throughput and low data rates. Wireless equipment privacy is used at data link and physical layer of OSI model. As name implies, Wireless Equivalent Privacy goal is to provide an equivalent amount of security to all wired LAN networks. Wireless network is a type of computer network that has become vital for modern existence. The difference between wired and wireless networks is that multiple computer or devices can flexibly share resources without any additional installation of wiring. These resources can be a shared data, internet, printers and domain connectivity. In wired networks all communications can be possible by using some sort of any physical medium only, while wireless telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication over one or more access points. Some of benefits of wireless network are convenience, flexibility, productivity, easy setup, maintainable, expandable, robust security protection and cost. However, the disadvantages include interference in wireless signals because of any obstructions like wall or other wireless devices etc Cooper,4,2004. Nowadays, wireless networking is quickly become famous for both home and business networks and wireless products. Major organizations like IEEE, IFTF and Wi-Fi alliance are continually working to make improvement in this area. As stated above 802.11 was the original standard of the IEEE which could deliver 1-2 Mbps over 2.4 GHz range.

Chemistry and Anatomy Essay Example for Free

Chemistry and Anatomy Essay My life began as a simple and talented student in Geneva. My father was Alphonse Frankenstein, who was a wealthy, rich and benevolent man. I was the first son of my father, Alphonse Frankenstein. My mother Caroline visited a beautiful orphan girl, Elizabeth Lavenza, fair-haired girl. She was adopted by my family and was my cousin. I had two brothers who were very lovely and they loved me and Elizabeth a lot. My best friend was Henry Clerval, who was a considerate man. I became a student of Chemistry and Anatomy in the quest to determine what gives life. I was a young man who led a happy and peaceful life, but the events happened after, made a great change to my living. The world according to me was a secret of research, creation and experimenting. I learnt the theories of electricity and galvanization. I also initiated a theory of how to create human life using the principles of electricity. I became devoted to the human creation and the spark of life that I had abandoned earlier. I asked my University for specimens to make my creation. I figured out what gives life.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I have begged my University for specimens. They say I’ve had all their best material for years, and produced nothing to show for it.† I feel that I have begged my University for some specimens to make my creation, but they refused to afford me the specimens because they say that they have given all the best pieces of specimens to me for creating nothing. Finally, I got the body parts from the graveyard. Then I went out without my meals to buy some chemicals. I took the body parts from the corpses. I stored my chemicals and specimens in the dissecting room so that it would be safe. I constructed a giant man, 8 feet tall, with super human strength and endurance from harvested body parts that I took from the corpses. I worked secretly without rest for almost a year. I can tell you that I was a bit disappointed with my creation. My perfect creation was a frightening disaster. My creation was a result of horror.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"No, this isn’t what I wanted. Oh, dear god, what have I done?†Ã‚  I was not at all happy with my monstrous creation. So, I rejected, abandoned and left him away. I was also scared, frightened and afraid of him. I also avoided my scientific studies because it remained me about the disastrous experiment. I wanted him to help and like mankind. This was not what I expected. I wanted my creation to be helpful rather than being a nuisance. My excitement soon changed when my creature came into life. My lovely, little brother William was murdered by my creation, the monster. Elizabeth cried a lot and I was not able to convince her. She also told me that my five- year-old brother, William and she went for a walk. She also told me that she saw William disappear. She was searching for him all over. I examined what had happened and found out that it was the monster, who was responsible for the murder of my brother. I was very angry with the behaviour of my creation. I created him to help human life and not to destroy them. He came to my room. I was very angry at him and wanted to destroy him. He told me to control my temper and he asked me to listen to him. He told me that the only person to be kind to him was Agathe, a young blind lady. The other villagers chased him away through their dogs. He also told me that his intention towards William was not to kill him. Then he explained to me about what had happened. He told me, â€Å"I put my hands to his mouth to silence him, because I was afraid.†Ã‚  The monster asked William to play with him for a while. But William shouted and refused to play with him. So, he just kept his hands in William’s mouth to silence him and request him to play with him. He also convinced me by telling the truth, but I am very sad that my brother is being murdered by my creation.  I was asked by the monster to make a bride to the monster. I agreed to him because as a creator, I should have to fulfill the wishes of my creation. He said to me that,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I am alone and miserable; man will not associate with me; but one as deformed and horrible as myself would not deny herself to me. My companion must be of the same species and have the same defects. This being you must create.† He conveyed me his feelings of how it was to be alone without a companion or a comrade. He also gave me two years time to make a complete creation. He also told me that he would not trouble me in the time in between. I repulsed myself to make a bride for the monster. I wanted to finish the bride before marrying Elizabeth. I was also worried that the monster may harm my family. I still found it difficult to make the second monster. I made it because he told me that he wanted to love. I also made it, but this creation was spoilt by the monster, himself. The thing where he went wrong was, giving wrong wire connections to the creation and made it destroy. I explained to him that,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"She’ll never live now! Monster, what have you done?†Ã‚  He thought that he knew to make his own creation. He acted over- smart by giving the wrong wire connections and destroying his bride by himself. I beautifully laid out the bride in white colour clothes, to symbolize that she was going to get married. There is no use for him to commit the murders of Elizabeth and Clerval, by knowing that was his fault. I was really angry when he killed my brother, William. Then, he explained to me about what had happened. He told me that,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I put my hands to his mouth to silence him, because I was afraid.†Ã‚  It was my fault to create him and abandon him. Since I have created him I lost my Elizabeth, Clerval and my dear brother William. I got the feelings of how it was to face death. If I think of him, my first thoughts were, why did I create him? I found it like a battle of â€Å"Evil vs. Good†.

The Child by Tiger †Dick’s Character :: The Child by Tiger

The Child by Tiger – Dick’s Character In "The Child by Tiger", Wolfe does a superb job of making the story reveal a truth about human experience. Dick's killing rampage in the short story showed how the human sole has a tendency to become violent. Characterization and excellent choice of tone and mood used in the story display how the Dick becomes violent. Wolfe carefully develops Dick's character in the short story. At the beginning of the short story, Wolfe describes Dick's actions precisely. Wolfe illustrates anything from Dick's movements to his talk. Furthermore, Dick is depicted as an honest hard working and notably talented individual. Wolfe does all of this for a simple reason, to show that any human sole can turn evil, no matter how intelligent, honest, or hard working. For this reason, Wolfe's characterization of Dick is essential to the short story. Without a good characterization of Dick before his sole turns violent, the story would have no meaning and would just be about a mad man. However, with Wolfe's exquisite characterization, the reader find outs how an innocent god fearing man can turn violent. Overall, Wolfe's characterization is key to the short stories meaning. Outstanding tone and mood choice also help show the truth about the weak human sole. First, the Wolfe's informal tone of the story is significant. I believe Wolfe's tone help set up the readers for the shock of what Dick does. However, the tone the author sets is important because of the shock we get, we also see how fragile the human sole is and how it can easily change. In this case, the author's informal and almost ironic tone surprise the reader but also help show the significance of Dick's experience. Second, the author's mood for the story is quiet deceiving. Since the plot of the story is to show how any human sole can turn evil, the author sets an ironic mood. Though the mood is informal, the irony of the situation is of a "good" mad turning "evil". Wolfe sets up this mood by his description and analysis of Dick's character and actions at the beginning of the story. The mood is ironic because when the violent side of Dick comes out, our mood towards the story changes because we are shocked at what has happened to innocent Dick.

Special occasion birthday

Well I know you left the best for last. I'd like to make a toast to my neighbor and friend who has never changed. Now of course you have gained some few pounds but who's counting? Not to brag or anything, but I can still fit in the earrings I wore in high school. But today is not about me, it's about you, although I actually wished you wore something prettier. Today is also about wishing you a happy birthday but what's with the family reunion? I mean we should be partying right now!Anyway, last night I remembered all those funny times we spent together, like when we both really wanted the same guy, and he ended up being my prom date! Or when my tongue accidentally slipped and told your parents you had a tattoo! You went crazy at that time, but come on isn't it funny now? Cheers to all the funny moments to come! But most importantly, try to enjoy the present and do not worry about the fact that you're one step closer to the grave. Hopefully, your life will be as cool as mine some day. Don't worry, it is not a shame to marry at an old age, or even die single. I'll definitely supply you with as many cats as you want, or you can live with me and my future millionaire husband in our villa. I have plenty of advice to give you on your 21st birthday. First, lay down the fast food, it wouldn't get you closer to marriage. Second, make sure to stay confident no matter what; not everyone Is perfect. Finally, I know maybe the only thing you beat me at Is grades. But let's face It; I'm Just too cool for school.So, study well because someday I will need a plastic surgeon to fix everything that has shrunk. You probably got a lot of nice gifts and everything, but I got you a precious gift that is extremely valuable and I want you to use It with great care and precision. I really hope you like It. You know I'm all about helping you and being by your side so I'm sure It will help you attract Mohammad All and maybe get rid of that bad breath. Who knows, that might have been what's taking him so long to pop the question. Happy birthday childhood friend!

Moliere’s Tartuffe and Rousseau’s Confessions

Each character Is guilty of stealing something for their personal gain. However, when analyzing their actions of theft, there Is clear evidence of contrast. In â€Å"Confessions† Rousseau Is a mere child and steals Males ribbons simply because she Is the first name that floats Into his head. When asked how he got the ribbon, Rousseau blames the cook. â€Å"They Inquired how I got hold of It. I grew confused, stammered, and said with a blush It was Maroon. The fact that Rousseau is a child and demonstrates when he is scared when asked about the ribbon helps lessen the severity of the crime and helps ease the burden for future forgiveness. This greatly contrasts from Tartuffe who can be described as an undermining hypocrite throughout the play and steals solely for personal gain. The face that Tartuffe is a grown man and understands his actions greatly contradicts with Rousseau childish mistakes. Tartuffe displays a heinous crime in contradiction to the trivial crime of Roussea u.When comparing the aftermath of the crimes, the two works differ in the shared theme, regret. In â€Å"Confessions† Rousseau does lie when asked if he stole the ribbon, but Rousseau is constantly haunted with this crime throughout his life. â€Å"There ended the serenity of my childish life. From that moment I never again enjoyed pure happiness. † Rousseau is feeling so guilty of small rime he committed as a child he writes an entire confession, this greatly differs from Tartuffe.When Tartuffe is handcuffed by the officer, Tartuffe displays the same hypocritical attitude that was evident throughout the play. The last words of Tartuffe, â€Å"To prison? This can't be true! † sum up perfectly the zero regret that Tartuffe shows even though he knows he has been caught. If looking the two works as a whole based solely on regret there is clear distinction. Rousseau, a child, committed a crime that he Is obviously regretful about. Then there Is Tartuffe, where there is no sign of regret and deserves to be imprisoned forever.

How to Write Philosophy Research Paper with Ease

How to Write Philosophy Research Paper with Ease Writing plays a critical role in philosophy where thinking is often very complicated and abstract. Writing actually makes thinking easier, helps clarify the ideas and is the principal way of communication between philosophers. In fact, doing philosophy means writing philosophical prose. That’s why writing philosophy papers is a key part of studying philosophy. A philosophy research paper is probably the most extensive and important project in a philosophy class that often involves the use and effective synthesis of many of the advanced writing, analytical, and critical thinking skills because students need to examine and analyze information from a large variety of sources, including library research, using the internet scholarly sources, and often conversations with reliable authorities. Most students find writing philosophy research papers difficult. If you are one of them, keep reading. In this short philosophy research paper writing guide, you will find all you need to know in order to write an impressive philosophy research paper that will look like the sophisticated philosophical prose. What Is a Philosophy Research Paper? It’s a tricky question because philosophical writing differs from other writing. Your research paper is supposed to be a clear and concise piece of writing that explains a certain idea and defends an argument in an easy-to-understand way. You need to make a reasoned defense of some claim with evidence and persuade your audience to believe it. This evidence can’t be just someone’s opinions or other types of unsupported claims. Philosophers always look for reasons to believe something and the stronger the reasons are, the more likely they are to change their opinions or beliefs. Typically, a philosophy research paper has to do at least one of the following things: Defend a thesis statement by providing convincing reasons to support it Criticize a thesis statement by demonstrating that arguments for it are not plausible Defend a thesis statement by demonstrating that arguments against it are not convincing Contrast several views on a certain issue and argue for one view over the other A philosophy research paper should be based on a thorough examination of at least 7-8 secondary sources that present comments of what other philosophers think about a particular issue. Only after an extensive research of the literature, will you be able to determine how philosophers differ in their views and how appropriate their interpretations are for your research paper. Why Is It Vital to Start Early? Philosophy is a complicated subject and writing assignment can’t be completed in one night before your paper is due. Philosophical issues and problems demand careful and determined attention so you will need a lot of time to successfully cope with this task. You will need to do an extensive research, to digest the ideas you have read, to define your thesis, give an exposition of materials relevant to your topic, and come to the conclusion how a certain problem is resolved in the existing literature. You will need to give and analyze arguments and explanations, provide criteria for assessing how adequate competing positions are and document your research in an appropriate way. Choosing a Topic If your professor has not given you a list of possible philosophy research paper topics to choose from, you should select a topic that you are passionate about. Your topics should not be too broad so that you could examine them thoroughly and they should not be too narrow so that it would be worth writing about them. There are different strategies you can employ to devise your own topic when reading over the text. For example, you can examine the plausibility of a standard interpretation of a certain text, pick a side and argue for it. You can also examine some passages that seem inconsistent and identify the points of confusion. One more approach is to find some difficult or particularly important passage and analyze it. If you lack experience in writing philosophy papers, it may be challenging to find a good topic that is worth your attention. Here are some examples of philosophy research paper topics you can use to get started. Kant On Things-in-themselves Was Berkeley Idealist Or Realist? Hume on Religious Belief Plato on Death And Dying Marx on Human Nature Socrates’ Philosophy of Education Descartes’ Theory of Knowledge Aristotles Theory of Justice as a Virtue Heidegger and Nietzsche on Justice Schopenhauer on Suffering Pre-writing Stage: Steps Our Writers Make After you have chosen your topic, you should start reading as much background material as you can. You can start looking for the resources for your paper at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Phil Papers, and the Philosopher’s Index. When reading secondary literature on your topic, you will be able to determine where to find the primary sources that you can quote in your research paper and provide your comments on them. Even if you don’t use those ideas in your paper directly, you will get a better understanding of the problem and will be able to narrow your topic as much as possible. As you read, you should sort through your sources to discover which of them are the most relevant. First, you should skim through the articles to get the general sense of the argument and find the keywords. Then you should read these articles carefully and make notes of the most important points in the authors’ arguments and some definitions that you may want to use in your paper. You should start formulating questions, analyze and evaluate the argument. You will need to decide whether you agree or disagree with the argument. Make an Outline An outline is important to any type of research paper because it will guide your writing. First, you should clearly define your thesis statement and determine what evidence you will use to support your thesis. When making an outline, you should also determine the logical progression of your philosophy research paper and ensure that the order in which you present your argument makes sense. Think about the structure of your paper. It will mainly depend on the assignment that may ask you to focus on a particular aspect but typically, you should subdivide your research paper into 3 equal parts and devote them to the following aspects: Identifying the major questions Analysis and critique of the arguments of other philosophers on these issues Presentation of your perspectives and defending your thesis Write a Draft After you have planned your philosophy research paper and organized your ideas, you should write the first draft. Introduction When writing an introduction, you should be specific. Don’t start your paper with such empty generalities like: â€Å"Socrates was the greatest philosopher of ancient Greece and is considered the father of western philosophy.† Such sentences are irrelevant to a certain specific topic you are writing about. You should start with something like: â€Å"Socrates says that P. I find this claim convincing for the following reasons†¦Ã¢â‚¬  All philosophy research papers must have clear introductions with a narrow scope. You should avoid dictionary definitions as well. It would be better just to tell your reader what your paper is about and why it is important. When you write on text-focused research paper topics, you should introduce issues your research paper is concerned with. Next, you should inform your readers what you are going to do with these problems so you should provide a brief overview of the main points you will present in the main body, actually, you have to inform your audience about your research paper structure. Make sure that the structure of your research paper is obvious to your readers from the first paragraph. You may express it like this: â€Å"In this paper, I will analyze Plato’s theory of beauty. I will offer 3 arguments to support my thesis. They are†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this way, you show your readers your research paper as an integrated whole and help them follow your argument because they will know what to expect. That’s why you should give them an idea of how you are going to answer the question. Main Body The body of your research paper has to include all the information that is necessary to support your argument. In the body paragraphs, you should focus on exposition and evaluation. Make sure each paragraph is self-contained. Anyone should be able to choose a random paragraph and understand everything in it as a complete idea. You should explain in detail all the evidence that you used to support your thesis. You need to explain why this evidence is relevant to you. When you summarize your argument, you should do your best to present a philosopher’s position using a simple language. In an exposition part of your research paper, you should also focus on defining the key terms and explaining how they relate to each other. It’s important that you should have a good understanding of all the philosophic ideas you are discussing. You can’t criticize someone’s ideas if you don’t know them or don’t understand them. But don’t think that you need to provide explanations to everything that is known about this particular philosopher. Your assignment is to explain some points that are relevant to the topic of your research paper. If you provide too many details, your readers might get confused and may lose the point of your discussion somewhere in the process. As you develop your argument, you should anticipate possible objections to your point of view and deal with each objection in at least a few lines. You should demonstrate that these objections are not fatal to your own argument. When you explain the points of your argument, you should make sure that your readers are aware as you move from one point to another. To do that, you should use transition words, terms, and phrases that make the structure of your philosophy research paper obvious, for example, thus, because, consequently, since, however, on the other hand, nevertheless, it follows that, I will begin by, firstly, secondly etc. Conclusion The conclusion should be also brief and straightforward. You can just remind your readers what points you have covered in your research paper and restate your thesis. Besides, you can show some implications of your idea. If you have developed a strong argument in your body paragraphs, you don’t always have to write a distinct conclusion, you can only state what your research paper has achieved. Besides, your research paper doesn’t necessarily have to conclude with a â€Å"solution† to an issue. You can just clarify a problem or an issue. Edit Your Research Paper Boldly When your first draft is completed, put it aside for a couple of days and then revise its contents to fix weaknesses in the flow and the logic. Revision typically involves big changes. You may need to rewrite certain passages, sentences or find more precise words to express your ideas clearly and avoid ambiguity. Be ready that you may need to rewrite your draft more than once and make it shorter. If you do that, your paper is sure to improve significantly. Remember that the secret to good writing is in rewriting many times. Even a good paper can be improved greatly by rewriting it. When you eliminate unnecessary words, you clarify your ideas and make them sound more convincing. You should do your best to make your paper readable and precise. When you feel you are satisfied with the contents, you need to proofread your philosophy research paper and correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation mistakes, if there are any. When you have finished proofreading, ask someone to read your paper to ensure that your errors or typos are left in it. You may also read your paper aloud or check your sentences when you read backward. They say you will easier notice some mistakes. Make sure there is no plagiarism in your research paper. Give credit to all your sources and make sure all quotes are properly referenced according to a specific citation style required by your instructor. That’s it the tough job is done!

How to Grow a Cup of Quick Crystal Needles

How to Grow a Cup of Quick Crystal Needles Grow a cupful of Epsom salt crystal needles in your refrigerator. Its quick, easy, and safe. Difficulty: Easy Time Required: 3 hours Ingredients cup or small bowlepsom salthot tap water What You Do In a cup or small, deep bowl, mix 1/2 cup of Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) with 1/2 cup of hot tap water (hot as it will get from the faucet).Stir about a minute to dissolve the Epsom salts. There will still be some undissolved crystals at the bottom.Place the cup in the refrigerator. The bowl will fill with needle-like crystals within three hours. Magnesium sulfate crystals readily take up dye, such as food coloring. Copyright (c) by Dai Haruki. All Rights Reserved. / Getty Images Tips for Success Dont use boiling water to prepare your solution. You will still get crystals, but they will be more threadlike and less interesting. The temperature of the water helps control the concentration of the solution.If you like, you can place a small object at the bottom of the cup to make it easier to remove your crystals, such as a quarter or plastic bottle cap. Otherwise, carefully scoop the crystal needles from the solution if you wish to examine them or save them.Dont drink the crystal liquid. Its not toxic, but its not good for you either. Learn About Epsomite The name of the crystal grown in this project is epsomite. It consists of hydrated magnesium sulfate with the formula  MgSO4 ·7H2O. The needle-like crystals of this sulfate mineral are orthorhombic as Epsom salt, but the mineral readily absorbs and loses water, so it may spontaneously switch to the monoclinic structure as a hexahydrate. Epsomite is found on the walls of limestone caverns. The crystals also grow on mine walls and timbers, around volcanic fumaroles, and rarely as sheets or beds from evaporation. While the crystals grown in this project are needles or spikes, the crystals also form fibrous sheets in nature. The pure mineral is colorless or white, but impurities may give it a gray, pink, or green color. It gets its name for Epsom in Surrey, England, which is where it was first described in 1806. Epsom salt crystals are very soft, with a Moh scale hardness around 2.0 to 2.5. Because it is so soft and because it hydrates and rehydrates in the air, this is not an ideal crystal for preservation. If you want to keep Epsom salt crystals, the best choice is to leave it in a liquid solution. Once the crystals have grown, seal the container so no more water can evaporate. You can observe the crystals over time and watch them dissolve and reform. Magnesium sulfate is used in agriculture and pharmaceuticals. The crystals may be added to water as bath salts or as a soak to relieve sore muscles. Crystals may also be mixed in with soil to help improve its quality. The salt corrects magnesium or sulfur deficiency and is most often applied to roses, citrus trees, and potted plants.

Business Ethics Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Ethics Advertising - Essay Example Since advertizing is done to persuade, it needs to be very creative and original to make an impact. There are often catchy tag lines associated with the products so that anyone who sees it also learns it and spreads the word. Advertising agencies are usually hired by companies to come up with eye-catching and very influencing advertisements. In the race of winning from other agencies, the advertisements that are proposed these days, lack what are known as advertising ethics. It is very important to have a check on all advertisements that are played on media to be sufficiently ethical since media has a very strong influence on the viewers and lots of harm can be done if the wrong things are promoted in the wrong way. Advertisements are made to influence the probable customers to buying a good or service. To do so, advertisements play on emotions targeting the audience so that the customers believe that the purchase of the good will benefit them (Phillips, 1997). The advertisements create a scenario such that it increases a customer’s emotional state and the customer feels that his life would be better once he purchases the product. For this reason, advertisements are often fanaticizing. The ethics that must be considered when coming up with an advertisement includes most importantly giving honest and useful information to the probable customers instead of misguiding them by fanaticizing the product beyond reality. Also, it’s a common trend these days to let celebrities promote a product through advertisements. That is unethical if the celebrities do not use the product themselves, which in most cases they don’t. The celebrities just use their star power to influence customers to buy a product which may not be as glamorous as the celebrities themselves. Also, aggressive advertising is unethical. Surely, advertisements are made to attract customers towards the good but they should not

Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Analysis - Case Study Example Consequently, the inventor of the business idea faces the challenge of losing full control in running the business. Nigel Galler, the founder and CEO of Movirtu Limited, faces the equal challenges in financing the expansion and development of the start-up business. One of the challenges that Movirtu Limited is facing in raising is convincing the impact investors the investment has a positive social impact on the targeted markets and is economically viable. The impact investors can only finance a business if it has the potential for empowering the impoverished communities while ensuring it is financially profitable (WDI 8). Accordingly, Movirtu Limited has to demonstrate to the impact investor namely the GreyGhostVentures (GGV) how the business will promote the welfare of the poor communities if the financing arrangement by the TLcom Capital is accepted. In addition, the business model employed in running the business by integrating TLcom Capital has to prove it is a viable business to attract the financial support from the impact investors. Another challenge that is been faced by Movirtu Limited in raising financial capital is convincing the venture capitalistic TLcom Capital on the potential of the business in generating profit in future under the social impact requirement of GGV. The financial support sustainability from the venture capitalists can only be sustained if they are convinced, the business idea will generate adequate revenue and grow in future (WDI 8). However, the target market for Movirtu Limited has high risk due to the purchasing power of the targeted consumers. In addition, the revenue margin that Movirtu Limited expects to receive from the actual price of the service compared to the financial resources consumed is considerably low. Thus, the ability of Movirtu Limited in winning the confidence of the venture capitalistic is relatively challenging. Moreover, the acceptance of venture capitalist in financing

Anselm of Canterbury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anselm of Canterbury - Essay Example God â€Å"cannot be even thought of as not existing† (Anselm, 360). Having made the existence of God a given, Anselm defines God as the greatest thing that can be thought of. God is superlative, because the human mind, created by God, cannot conceive of anything greater than its creator, who exists eternally throughout the ages. The rest of his argument proceeds from this definition. If the perfection of God is not accepted, Anselm’s argument does not hold. God exists in understanding, because the concept of God as â€Å"something than which nothing greater than be thought of† can be understood. Something which exists in reality is greater than something which exists only in understanding. If God exists only in understanding, he cannot be the greatest. Since Anselm has established that God is the greatest, and nothing can be greater than God, if follows that God must exist in reality. Therefore, Anselm’s conception of God as the greatest, as Perfect, is the very foundation of his argument for God’s existence. If Anselm’s belief in the ‘Perfect God’ is discarded, his ‘proof’ of God’s existence must be discarded along with

Sound Technique In Citizen Kane Film Studies Essay

Sound Technique In Citizen Kane Film Studies Essay The dramatic film Citizen Kane in 1941 is a story of group of reporters that are trying to interpret the last words of Charles Foster Kane (Orson Welles), who is the millionaire newspaper business man, Rosebud and to examine his lifestyle. The film starts with a news roll detailing Kanes life, and after that the film shows the audience flashbacks from his life and illustrates to the audience of a man who had everything and anything he wanted to a man who died and had nothing. The newsreel reporter Jerry Thompson (William Alland) starts to investigate the people from Kane past such as friends, lovers and colleagues to identify the real meaning of Rosebud. The first scene in the movie when Kane is dying and holding the crystal glass globe in his hand then he whispered a word that is heard spoken by enormous, mouth that fill the screen ROSEBUD. When he said it, no one could hear him because he said it in a low tone; however, only the butler heard it. The sound of Kane saying it and all the noise and silence before he dies illustrates to the audience that the word is something important in the movie and makes them think about the mystery of the movie. After he has pronounced his last dying words, the crystal glass globe rolls from his hand; the ball jumps down two steps (stairs) and smashes into pieces. The audience hears a loud beat when the crystal glass globe shatters into tiny pieces the sound of the shattering globe indicates that the Kane is heartbroken. Through the unclear lens of the globe a nurse is seen entering the room. She lays out the body of Kanes dead body and the music that has been suspended in a minor key finishes on a main musical tones. (Spurr Cameron, 2009). Then the scene cuts suddenly to news announcement, full of loud music that makes the audience forget about the previous scene. However, Rosebud was repeated in more than one scene that was presented in different type of flutes, bass clarinets, and bassoons to create a sense of darkness, vagueness and mystery to the audience. Moreover, a scene that started when the camera pans from top to bottom while focuses on the statue. The audience hears Miss Andersons voice heard before she appears in the shot. The feature of her voice is ordinary sound qualities of the room. The size of the room is shown to the audience when both Miss Anderson and Mr. Thompson the reporter are in the same frame. This scene shows the audience the importance of the large cold stone pillared library room that matches the cold strict character of Miss Anderson. Also the sound of Miss Andersons footsteps, as she walks towards the room to give Mr. Thompson the document he needs about Kane. When Miss Anderson opens the door to the room, the sound of the door that the audience hears which shows them the size of the room and the importance of the room. After the conversation between Mr. Thompson and Miss Anderson, and Miss Anderson leaving the room the audience could hear the closing of the door with music. The sound of the door mixed with music is a transition to the next shot. A next scene shows the audience when Susan Alexander Kane (Dorothy Comingore), who is the Wife of Charles Kane, sitting in her club after the death of her husband and Thompson comes in to talk with her. Thompson sits down, and then Susan tells him who told you, you could sit down? and he replies, I thought maybe we could have a talk together. Then she replies, Well, think again. Why dont you people leave me alone? I am minding my own business. You mind yours. Get out of here. Get out! .When she was saying get out she was shouting with a high tone which illustrated to the audience she is mad and upset. Before he comes in the club the audiences hears heavy rain and thunder this also demonstrates to the audience the anger, tension, and sadness. Also another scene, the audience saw that Kane had grown up from a child into an adult in only two shots. As Charless guardian gives him his sled, and Charles wishing him a Merry Christmas and unexpectedly the audience sees another shot of his guardian after almost fifteen years later, and the phrase is completed and a Happy New Year. This showed the audience that he has grown up, and it showed only by continuing the soundtrack. Another scene, when Kane takes his wife Susan to go to a picnic and suddenly slaps her in a tent near the beach. They are both silently angry at each other while a lady near their tent wildly launching with a loud voice at the background. This illustrated to the audience the misery and sadness of both Kane and Susan. In addition, the director used a numerous number of voices, each saying a sentence or a phrase or sometimes half a sentence and joining the dialogue in an immediate sequence, this action gave the audience an impression that the whole town was talking and also knowing what the whole town was talking about. The director also use the over lapping dialogue which made the scene look more realistic to the audience. Moreover, the director used a technique of putting the sound and audio before of the visual in scene transaction. In other words, when a scene came to a close, the sound and audio would change to the next scene before the image did. Moreover, the opera rehearsal scene where Kanes wife Susan sings; for example, when the camera slowly pans up the walls of the opera hall from Susan beginning her singing presentation to two stagehands both were looking shocked and disgusted of Susans singing. According to Louis Giannetti in Understanding Movies, music is a greatly abstract art, tending toward pure form. When combined with lyrics, music acquires a more focus content because words have specific references. While words and music both express meanings, each does so in a special manner. With or without lyrics, music can be more specific when put together with film images. (Giannetti, 2010). Moreover, according to Understanding Movies, one of the most continuing and popular film genres is the musical whose major raison is song and dance. Like opera and ballet, the narrative elements of musical are usually pretexts for the production numbers, but some musicals are exceptionally sophisticated dramatically. (Giannetti, 2010) The films numerous use of mixture allows to create stability between the images and passing of time that would otherwise seem disjointed and disorganized. In a scene that is illustrating Charless hectic actions as a newspaperman, suddenly a scene where it shows people dancing and singing with music in the background after that the scene shifts to another scene and time passes. Also, another scene where Kane and his first wife Emily (Ruth Warrick) are having breakfast, the scene here is presented in an elegant way where both are dressed fancily, and exchanging loving words, then the words dies away out after seconds. This scene showed the audience of the timing passing. Moreover, in another scene when Emily is disagreeing with Charles over the suitability of hanging an anonymous gift one of his friends has given their son in the nursery. The music in the background demonstrates to the audience that there is something wrong while still maintaining a distressingly joyful attitude, and Kanes rejection into taking his wife Emily seriously while they are having breakfast. The Sound Technique that is Connected to Another Technique Citizen Kane is an excellent example of sounds but it is also connected to different techniques, such as movements and cinematography technique. For example, in Citizen Kane extreme deep focus, diverse camera angles (including low angles that exposed set ceiling) and unusual use of lighting and deep shadows all these techniques were used in the film. Moreover, Citizen Kane had a storytelling technique; changeable narrative forms such as the opening of the film when a newsreel man was talking, and then the interviews and the flashbacks. Sounds in General The music of movies in general has a powerful effect on the audience. The music of any movie is to evoke or enhance emotions in the audience. When audiences listen to music a certain emotional feeling the music awakens the memories that the audience faces in the present or past. Moreover, music is able to move through time and leave at two different points at once. Music helps to enhance the effect of a shot to the audiences. Also, music creates tension in a movie. Citizen Kanes music was considered one of the major things in the movie because the music had an important role when the scene changes from one to another and to develop the emotion and the mood of the film to the audience. The director sometimes used music that would work with the sound effects throughout the film. According to the book Understanding Movies, sound effects also express internal emotions. When there is silence in a film it makes the audience pay more attention to the scene. Any important silences in a film creates to the audience a sense of something approaching or something that is about to happen. Moreover, like the freeze frame, silence in a sound film can be used to represent death, because usually sounds are linked with the presence of continuing life. (Giannetti, 2010). In addition, according to Louis Giannetti, loud sounds tend be forceful, intense, and threatening. On the other hand, quiet sounds strike the audience as delicate, hesitant, and sometimes weak. (Giannetti, 2010) Conclusion In other words, music in films is highly effective to the audience. Music creates tension, brings out emotions, and is definitely one of the most vital aspects of the cinematic experience. Furthermore, it has shown that music is highly complex and artful; it does not only bring the emotional impact on audience by also comprising some of the most dazzling music produced over the year. (Donnelly, 2001). Moreover, sounds help the audience to understand the movie better and also emphases on the vital parts in the movie.

Digging by Seamus Heaney, Catrin by Gillian Clarke, Little Boy Lost, :: English Literature

Digging by Seamus Heaney, Catrin by Gillian Clarke, Little Boy Lost, Little Boy Found by William Blake and On My First Son by Ben Jonson. POEMS The four poems that I have chosen to study are Digging by Seamus Heaney, Catrin by Gillian Clarke, Little Boy Lost, Little Boy Found by William Blake and On My First Son by Ben Jonson. All of theses poems express an issue of love and are all indirectly linked by some way or another on the issue of love. Digging is a poem about admiration, how Seamus Heaney as a young boy looks up to his predecessors and how he has; â€Å"No spade to follow men like them† (Line 28 digging) Catrin has a basic structure of love that is becoming more and more common in today’s world, and that is emotional love. Catrin doesn’t show love for her child but it is still a bond between them and can never be broken. There are two lines in catrin which dispute this idea. â€Å"From the hearts pool that old rope, tightening about my life† (lines 25-26 catrin) The emotional love shall never be broken despite there being no apparent love. The other quote being lines â€Å"Our first confrontation, the tight red rope of love which we both fought over.† (Lines 7-9 catrin) The umbilical cord holding the two together. Little Boy Lost Little Boy Found, this poem has love within the family and the desperation of a father to find his son again, eventually he does and he is metaphorically spoken of as god. â€Å"But god ever nigh appeared like his father in white.† (Lines 3-4 Little boy found) On my first son is about a child growing up and ‘leaving the nest’ for the father is upset that his little boy has grown up and he can no long be with him all the time. This is made clear by line eight. â€Å"And if no other misery, yet age!† (Line 8 On my first son) This comments on the only misery being age and explains the whole poem. I have chosen Digging and Catrin because I feel I understand both the poems much better. Digging is a poem about childhood. The whole poem is triggered by a few senses, these being the sound and smell of a spade slicing through the earth. It is as if the poet Seamus Heaney is sat at his window and is stuck on what to write. There is a physical tie of respect in his family. He loves and admires his grandfather and father and remembers little things such as carrying out tasks as simple as carrying him

Discuss Factors That Facilitate or Impede Helping Behaviour

Discuss factors that facilitate or impede helping behaviour In this essay we will discuss what defines behaviour/ helping behaviour, the social, environmental and biological influences that affect a person’s behaviour, pro-social behaviour, and the different factors that impede helping behaviour. Also Latane and Darley’s 1968 – 1980 experiments and studies that were conducted to understand human behaviour will be discussed, as well as the Kitty Genovese incident, in order to research into why help was not shown when there were so many people around.Behaviour can be defined as the actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment. Behaviour can happen consciously or subconsciously, overt or covert, and can also be voluntary or involuntary to humans. Human behaviour can be common, unusual, acceptable or unacceptable. Helping behaviour refers to voluntary actions intended to help others. It is a subcategory of pro-social behaviour ; intentional act that helps or benefits another individual or group of individuals. This can be demonstrated by sharing, comforting, rescuing and helping.Altruistic behaviour is a subcategory of helping behaviour, which refers to pro-social behaviour that is carried out with the desire to benefit another without expectation of obtaining external or internal reward. According to the theory of universal egoism, people are fundamentally selfish and altruism is an impossibility, (Dovidio 1995, as cited in Gross 2001. ) However certain kinds of casual helping (McGuire, 1994) or low-cost altruism (Brown, 1986) seem to be fairly common, such as giving a stranger directions or telling them the time.Pro-social behaviour can be defined as behaviour that has positive social consequences and contributes to the physical or psychological well being of another person. It is thought that Kin Selection is a genetic response to supporting the broader gene pool. Social conditioning can also have been a cause and pro-social parents lead to pro-social children. The reciprocity norm is when help is given to those who have given help to us in the past or where people help others, knowing that one day they may want someone to help them in the same unselfish way.This can affect people’s way of helping others. As well as the social exchange theory where human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s reward and minimize one’s cost. Also the social responsibility norm is when we should help others who really need it, without regard to future exchanges. It must be remembered that a person’s mood influences whether they would help a person in need. People who are in a good mood are more likely to do good, compared with people who are feeling guilty.But – if helping is likely to spoil our good mood, we might not help (Isen, 1984. ) Although if the bad mood is guilt and helping can relieve that, we might help. Also people in small towns are more likely to help than those squashed together in cities. Humans estimate the suitability of behaviour using social norms and adjust behaviour by way of social control. In biology, psychology and sociology, social behaviour is either behaviour directed towards society or taking place in between members of the same species.Social influences are considered the most likely factor for an individual to engage in helping behaviour. Social influences can be defined as the sum of all things that may change or affect a person’s behaviour, thoughts, feelings or actions. Studies on social influences might centre on ways in which behaviour of individuals or a whole group is influenced by outside factors, a person’s outlook or simply how they appear. An example of these influences was demonstrated by Piliavin et al, 1969, when student experimenters would pretend to collapse in a subway compartment.They would fall to the floor and wait to see if they’d be helped. There wer e two conditions; some would be carrying a cane (known as the ‘lame’ condition), and others would wear a jacket which smelled very strongly of alcohol and carried a bottle in a brown paper bag (known as the ‘drunk’ condition. ) They found that help was offered much less often in the ‘drunk’ than in the ‘lame’ condition. This shows that the importance of difference is a social influence that determines whether a person helps a victim.Therefore the greater the victims’ injury, distress or disfigurement, or the more we disapprove of them or their undesirable behaviour, the more likely we are to perceive them as being different from ourselves. This makes it less likely that we would offer help. Helping behaviour can also be effected by environmental factors, for instance different areas (rural or urban areas), culture differences, simple factors such as the time of day and also time; whether a person is busy, running late or hea ding somewhere.In order to see how the cost of time would affect helping behaviour Darley and Batson, 1973 (as cited in Gross, 2001) created an experiment called, â€Å"If you need help avoid a late Samaritan. † This involved participants who were students at a theological seminary, who were instructed to present a talk in a nearby building. The students were halved; one half was told to speak about ‘The Good Samaritan’ while the other half were told to speak about jobs most enjoyed by seminary students. Then each student was told either a. He was ahead of schedule and had plenty of time, b. He was right on schedule, or . He was late. On the way to their talk, each student passed a man slumped in a doorway, coughing and groaning. The percentages offering help were 63, 45 and ten for conditions a, b and c. Ironically, the results showed that on several occasions the ‘late’ students who were giving a talk about ‘The Good Samaritan’ literal ly stepped over the victim. This study shows that the cost of time is an important influence on whether an individual chooses to help. Also many studies have found that people tend to help others during daylight when there is no threat to their safety compared with night time.Also personal factors are very strong influences on helping behaviour. The table below shows the costs of helping/ not helping in emergencies/ non-emergencies, and the likelihood/ type of intervention, as predicted by the arousal-cost-reward model (based on Piliavin et al, 1969. ) Costs of helping/not helping and likely outcome| Examples| Costs of helping are low| You’re unlikely to be injured yourself; the victim is only shocked. | Costs of helping are high| You’d feel guilty; other people would blame you. | Likelihood of intervention very high – and direct| |Costs of helping are high| You don’t like the sight of blood; you’re unsure what to do. | Costs of helping are high| I t’s an emergency; the victim could die. | Likelihood of intervention fairly high – but indirect| Call for ambulance/police or ask another bystander to assist| Or redefine the situation| Ignore the victim and/ or leave the scene| Costs of helping are high| â€Å"This drunk could turn violent or throw up over me†| Costs of helping are low| â€Å"Who’d blame me for not helping? †| Likelihood of intervention very low| Bystander may well turn away, change seats, walk away etc. Costs of helping are low| â€Å"It wouldn’t hurt to help this blind man cross the road. †| Costs of helping are low| â€Å"He seems capable of looking after himself; there’s very little traffic on the road. | Likelihood of intervention fairly high| Bystanders will vary, according to individual differences and how they perceive the norms operating in the particular situation. | Biological influences are factors concerning human instincts such as self preservat ion and survival. These influences are difficult to ignore because human instinct is to keep a person safe and out of harm’s way.Therefore there is more likelihood of helping a victim if there is no threat to the helper’s safety. But safety cannot be guaranteed and results in individuals not helping. Campbell and Church, 1969, as cited in Gross 2001, believed that punishment is a stronger influence on behaviour compared with Skinner’s belief that reinforcement is a stronger influence. In March 1964, Kitty Genovese was attacked in a Queens’s parking lot at 3am. Thirty eight people were reported who watched from their windows, while she was beaten and stabbed to death over a half hour period.Not one bystander called the police until the attacker had fled. This incident raised much concern into why nobody helped. This led Latane and Darley, together with findings from their laboratory studies, to introduce the concept of the ‘unresponsive bystanderâ₠¬â„¢ or ‘bystander apathy’ to represent people’s typically uncaring attitude towards others in need of help. The American media thought it was remarkable that out of the thirty eight witnesses not one did anything to help, Latane and Darley believed that it was precisely because there were so many, Kitty Genovese was not helped.In result to this incident Latane and Darley researched into how the number of bystanders would affect helping behaviour. They found that 90% of the time, a lone bystander was more likely to help than when many people were around. One study was confederates would drop pencils or coins in an elevator and would see if people would help them pick it up. The results were, if only one person was in the elevator, the confederate received help 40% of the time. Only this figure dropped to 20% when six other people were in the elevator. The question â€Å"Why does more people = less help? † is answered with three factors.The first factor is noticing. Another of Latane and Darley’s studies shows that any given bystander is less likely to notice the incident as the number of bystanders increase. For example, their 1970 experiment was having men fill out a survey by themselves or in a group. Whilst they completed their survey, smoke would start pouring into the room through a vent. After four minutes of smoke, 75% of subjects who were alone reported the smoke to the researcher, while only 12% of the subjects in the group reported it. This supports there theory of â€Å"more people = less help. † The second factor is interpretation.This means the more people that are around, the less likely any will interpret the situation as an emergency. In the smoke experiment, only 3 of 8 groups reported the smoke. Humans use other people’s behaviour to help measure what the reality of the situation is. The third factor is responsibility. In 1968, Latane and Darley produced another study. Subjects were told they we re supposed to discuss problems with University Life. Each subject was put into separate rooms and was told to talk over the intercom. They were also told that no one would be listening to their conversations.During the discussion, one of the ‘subjects’ began having an epileptic fit and pleaded for help. When the subjects believed they were the only other person in the discussion, 85% left the room to help. However when subjects believed that there were four other people having the discussion, only 31% went to help. This again supports the notion of ‘more people = less help. ’ As cited in R. Gross 2001, Psychology, The Science of Mind and Behaviour, according to Latane and Darley’s 1970 decision model, before someone helps another, that person must: * Notice that something is wrong, * Define it as a situation requiring help, Decide whether to take personal responsibility, * Decide what kind of help to give, * Implement the decision to intervene. This symbolizes a logical sequence of steps, showing that a negative response at any one step means that the bystander won’t intervene. (See appendix 1 for Decision Model. ) In conclusion, helping in the form of pro-social behaviour has been studied largely in the form of bystander intervention. The murder of Kitty Genovese, together with early laboratory experiments by Latane and Darley supports the notions that when there are more people around, help is less likely to be given.Also that there are many influences that affect helping behaviour, whether it is biological, environmental or social. Nevertheless, altruism is definitely not impossible and humans are not fundamentally selfish. Future research should look into whether gender affects helping behaviour or age, for example, is an adult between 21-30 more prone to help someone rather than a teenager.